A critical awareness of the relationship between current events and processes and the past.

Ability to comment, annotate or edit texts and documents correctly according to the critical canons of the discipline

Ability to communicate orally in foreign languages using the terminology and techniques accepted in the historiographical profession.

Ability to communicate orally in one's own language using the terminology and techniques accepted in the historiographical profession.

Ability to define research topics suitable to contribute to historiographical knowledge and debate

Ability to give narrative form to research results according to the canons of the discipline

Ability to identify and utilise appropriately sources of information (bibliography, documents, oral testimony etc.) for research project

Ability to organise complex historical information in coherent form

Ability to read historiographical texts or original documents in one's own language; to summarise or transcribe and catalogue information as appropriate.

Ability to read historiographical texts or original documents in other languages; to summarise or transcribe and catalogue information as appropriate

Ability to use computer and internet resources and techniques elaborating historical or related data (using statistical, cartographic methods, or creating databases, etc.)

Ability to write in one's own language using correctly the various types of historiographical writing

Ability to write in other languages using correctly the various types of historiographical writing

Awareness of and ability to use tools of other human sciences (e.g., literary criticism, and history of language, art history, archaeology, anthropology, law, sociology, philosophy etc.)

Awareness of and respect for points of view deriving from other national or cultural backgrounds.

Awareness of methods and issues of different branches of historical research (economic, social, political, gender related, etc.)

Awareness of the differences in historiographical outlooks in various periods and contexts.

Awareness of the issues and themes of present day historiographical debate.

Awareness of the on-going nature of historical research and debate.

Detailed knowledge of one or more specific periods of the human past.

Knowledge of ancient languages

Knowledge of and ability to use information retrieval tools, such as bibliographical repertoires, archival inventories, e-references

Knowledge of and ability to use the specific tools necessary to study documents of particular periods (e.g. palaeography, epigraphy).

Knowledge of didactics of history

Knowledge of European history in a comparative perspective

Knowledge of local history

Knowledge of one's own national history

Knowledge of the general diachronic framework of the past.

Knowledge of the history of European integration

Knowledge of world history